|
The invasion of the Iberian Peninsula in 1807-08 by Napoleon Bonaparte's forces proved critical to the independence struggle in South America. The local elites in Upper Peru mostly remained loyal to Spain, supporting ''Junta Central'', a government in the name of the abdicated Ferdinand VII. A number of radical ''criollos'' in 1808 to 1810 began a local power struggle. Pedro Domingo Murillo led proclaimed an independent state in Upper Peru in the name of Ferdinand VII. During the following seven years, Upper Peru became the battleground for forces of the independent Argentine Republic and royalist troops from Peru. By 1817 Upper Peru was relatively quiet and under the control of Lima. After 1820 the Conservative Party ''criollos'' supported General Pedro Antonio de Olañeta, after the liberal revolution in Spain. Olañeta, convinced that these measures threatened royal authority, refused to join the royalist forces or the rebel armies under the command of Simón Bolívar and Antonio José de Sucre y Alcalá. Olañeta did not relinquish his command even after the Peruvian royalists included him and his forces in the capitulation agreement following their defeat in the Battle of Ayacucho in 1824, the final battle of the wars of independence in Latin America. Olañeta continued his resistance until he was enventually killed by his own men on April 1, 1825. During the presidency of Marshal Andrés de Santa Cruz (1829-1839), Bolivia enjoyed the most successful period of her history with great social and economic advancement. Santa Cruz got involved in internal Peruvian political problems and succeeded in unifying Peru and Bolivia into the Peru–Bolivian Confederation. In the War of the Confederation, Chilean and Peruvian rebel armies were forced sign the peace treaty known as the ''Paucarpata Treaty,'' which included their unconditional surrender, but the Confederation was defeated in a new war in the Battle of Yungay (1839). This was the turning point in Bolivian history; after this moment, coups and short-lived constitutions dominated Bolivian politics for nearly 60 years. Going through a vicious economic and political crisis, Bolivia's military weakness was demonstrated during the War of the Pacific (1879–83), when it lost its seacoast and the adjoining nitrate rich fields to Chile. An increase in the world price of silver brought Bolivia a measure of relative prosperity and political stability in the late 1800s. During the early part of the 20th century, about 1907, tin replaced silver as the country's most important source of wealth. A succession of governments applied laissez-faire policies through the first third of the century. ==Struggle for independence== (詳細はinvasion of the Iberian Peninsula in 1807-08 by Napoleon Bonaparte's forces proved critical to the independence struggle in South America. The overthrow of the Bourbon Dynasty and the placement of Joseph Bonaparte on the Spanish throne tested the loyalty of the local elites in Upper Peru, who were suddenly confronted with several conflicting authorities. Most remained loyal to Spain. Taking a wait-and-see attitude, they supported the ''Junta Central'' (Central Junta) in Spain, a government in the name of the abdicated Ferdinand VII. Some liberals eagerly welcomed the reforms of colonial rule promised by Joseph Bonaparte. Others supported the claims of Carlota, Ferdinand's sister, who governed Brazil with her husband, Prince Regent John of Portugal. Finally, a number of radical ''criollos'' (persons of pure Spanish descent born in the New World) wanted independence for Upper Peru.〔Maria Luise Wagner. "Struggle for independence". In Hudson & Hanratty.〕 This conflict of authority resulted in a local power struggle in Upper Peru between 1808 and 1810 and constituted the first phase of the efforts to achieve independence. In 1808 the president of the ''audiencia'', Ramón García León de Pizarro, demanded affiliation with the Junta Central. The conservative judges of the ''audiencia'' were influenced, however, by their autocratic royalist philosophy and refused to recognize the authority of the junta because they saw it as a product of a popular rebellion. On May 25, 1809, tensions grew when radical ''criollos'', also refusing to recognize the junta because they wanted independence, took to the streets. This revolt, one of the first in Latin America, was soon put down by the authorities.〔 On July 16, 1809, Pedro Domingo Murillo led another revolt by ''criollos'' and ''mestizos'' (those of mixed European and Indian ancestry) in La Paz and proclaimed an independent state in Upper Peru in the name of Ferdinand VII. The loyalty to Ferdinand was a pretense used to legitimize the independence movement. By November 1809, Cochabamba, Oruro, and Potosí had joined Murillo. Although the revolt was put down by royalist forces sent to La Paz by the viceroy of Peru and to Chuquisaca by the viceroy of Río de La Plata, Upper Peru was never again completely controlled by Spain.〔 During the following seven years, Upper Peru became the battleground for forces of the independent Argentine Republic and royalist troops from Peru. Although the royalists repulsed four Argentine invasions, guerrillas controlled most of the countryside, where they formed six major ''republiquetas'', or zones of insurrection. In these zones, local patriotism would eventually develop into the fight for independence.〔 By 1817 Upper Peru was relatively quiet and under the control of Lima. After 1820 the Conservative Party ''criollos'' supported General Pedro Antonio de Olañeta, a Charcas native, who refused to accept the measures by the Spanish Cortes (legislature) to conciliate the colonies after the liberal revolution in Spain. Olañeta, convinced that these measures threatened royal authority, refused to join the royalist forces or the rebel armies under the command of Simón Bolívar and Antonio José de Sucre y Alcalá. Olañeta did not relinquish his command even after the Peruvian royalists included him and his forces in the capitulation agreement following their defeat in the Battle of Ayacucho in 1824, the final battle of the wars of independence in Latin America. Olañeta continued a quixotic war until Sucre's forces defeated his forces, and he was killed by his own men on April 1, 1825, in a battle that effectively ended Spanish rule in Upper Peru.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「History of Bolivia (1809–1920)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|